Looking for a last minute Christmas gift idea, especially for a dad, son, brother, husband, boyfriend or a lover of the sea? Check out this new book by Erik Larson.
Erik Larson,
Death Wake: The Last Crossing of the
Lusitania (New York: Crown Publishers, 2015), 430 pages which includes
extensive notes and an index
I expect almost everyone who reads this book already knows of
the sinking of the Lusitania before they begin reading the first page.
The crown jewel of the British passenger liners was sunk off the coast of
Ireland on May 7, 1915. This sinking is often given as justification for
America’s entry into the war even though the United States didn’t join the war
on Britain’s side for another two years. The loss of life was great as
the ship sank in just 18 minutes, taking down with her many of the passengers
and crews, including a significant number of Americans. For years, there
has been speculation about how a single torpedo brought down the ship. In
fact, until the war was over, it was often thought there were two torpedoes as
there were two explosions. Later it was thought that munitions aboard the
ship exploded. Another theory is that coal dust exploded. Knowing
about these theories, I read the book intrigued and hoping for answers.
Larson does a wonderful job of exploring the events leading
up to the sinking of the liner, weaving together a number of stories. He focuses specifically on the Captains of
both the Lusitania (Turner) and U-20 (Schwieger), along with a handful of
passengers who survived and left behind accounts of the event. Larson
also mixes in chapters on what was happening in America. President Wilson, who at the beginning of the
war was distraught over the death of this wife, was at the time of the sinking courting
the woman who would become his second wife.
On the other side of the Atlantic, he focuses on Winston Churchill, the First
Lord of the Admiralty, who was running a top secret department that was
intercepting and decoding all transmissions from German shipping. He
occasionally explores the events within Germany where there were debates over
the role submarine warfare was ongoing. Some saw the submarine, which was
very new in war, as a miracle weapon, while others felt it violated rules
of war and also was likely to bring other countries into the fight. By weaving
all these accounts together, Larson creates an intriguing story. Although
I knew ending (the ship sank and American eventually entered the war), I was
surprised with much of what Larson brought to life. It was as if he was
completing a giant puzzle; however, there are still a few missing pieces which
may never be known.
Although the British never admitted during the war that a
single torpedo brought down their ship, they knew this from listening in on
German transmissions (radio was also new during this war). They never admitted what they knew about the
German submarine operations in the hopes of protecting other interest and not
tipping their hand at how much they understood about German plans. The
British had broken the German codes and had intercepted the radio transmission
from the U-boat saying that sunk the Lusitania, a boat they’d tracked from the
time it left Germany through its operations along the Irish Sea. They
even withheld information in trying to place the blame on the sinking on the
Turner, the Lusitania’s captain.
However, they failed and Turner was exonerated and continued to serve as
a captain.
Larson holds to the theory that the secondary explosion occurred
from cold seawater flowing over high temperature steam lines that
ruptured. This had immediate
impact. As soon as the torpedo hit, the
captain ordered the ship to turn toward the coast (they were 12 miles away) in
the hopes of being able to ground the ship.
However, without steam, the ship lost all control and was unable to
respond to the command or turning of the helm.
Larson debunks the idea that a coal dust explosion in empty bunkers
caused the explosion because the bunkers were so damp that it would have prohibited
the dust from exploding. He also
disagrees with the idea that munitions brought the ship down (unless there were
a secret cargo) as the munitions onboard were mostly rifle ammunition and not
likely to cause such a violence explosion.
Instead, what happened is that
everything happened just right to conspire against the ship. The ship, which could easily outrun the
submarine, turned right into its path.
Had the ship been just a few minutes earlier or later, there would have
never been an encounter. Torpedoes were
in an early stage of development and this one detonated (at this time, only
about 60% of the torpedoes actually detonated).
Thankfully, for those on the
ship, the captain had the lifeboats at ready before entering the waters around
Ireland, allowing a few of them to launch.
Good news was that the water was very calm which allowed others to
survive and be rescued.
There are many unanswered questions. Why
did the British not reroute the Lusitania to a safer shipping channel as it
knew a submarine was operating in the region south of Ireland? Or, why didn’t they escort the ship with
destroyers, making it more difficult for the submarine to get off a shot?
This is an exciting book and I enjoyed reading it. However, it is also a heart wrenching story,
especially because so many lives were loss. One of the most horrific deaths was
of the mother of a young boy who was quarantined with small pox. He survived but his mother, who was very
pregnant, didn’t. A story spread through
the survivors about a woman going into labor she entered the water as the ship
was sinking. The boy was haunted by this
for the rest of his life and thirty years later took his own life. As for
the captains, Turner survived the war (but was captain of another torpedoed ship)
and Schwieger was killed when his second submarine (U-20 ran aground and was
abandoned) struck a mine.
This is the second book I've read by Larson. Ten years ago, I loved The Devil in the White City, which was about a mass murderer and the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. I'd recommend both books and should read more of his writings.
